50 种常见的认知偏差中文版
基本归因错误：我们根据他人的个性或基本特征来判断他人，但我们根据情况来判断自己。 自私偏见：我们的失败是因情况而定的，但我们的成功是我们的责任。 群体内偏爱：我们偏爱群体内的人，而不是群体外的人。 跟风效应：想法、时尚和信念随着越来越多的人采用而不断增长。 群体迷思：由于渴望团队一致与和谐，我们会做出非理性的决定，通常是为了尽量减少冲突。 光环效应：如果你认为一个人具有积极的特质，那么这种积极的印象就会蔓延到他们的其他特质中。（这也适用于负面特征。） 道德运气：积极的结果会带来更好的道德地位；由于负面结果，道德地位会变得更差。 虚假共识：我们相信同意我们观点的人比实际情况多。 知识的诅咒：一旦我们知道某件事，我们就假设其他人也知道它。 聚光灯效应：我们高估了人们对我们的行为和外表的关注程度。 可用性启发式：我们依靠在做出判断时立即想到的例子。 防御性归因：作为一个暗自担心自己容易遭受严重事故的目击者，如果我们与受害者有联系，我们就会减少对受害者的责备。 公正世界假说：我们倾向于相信世界是公正的；因此，我们认为不公正行为是应得的。 朴素现实主义：我们相信我们观察到的是客观现实，而其他人是非理性的、无知的或有偏见的。 天真的犬儒主义：我们相信我们观察到了客观现实，并且其他人的自我中心偏见比他们实际的意图/行为更高。 福勒效应（又名巴纳姆效应）：我们很容易将我们的个性归因于模糊的陈述，即使它们可以适用于广泛的人。 邓宁-克鲁格效应：你知道的越少，你就越自信。你知道的越多，你就越不自信。 锚定：我们在做出决策时严重依赖引入的第一条信息。 自动化偏见：我们依赖自动化系统，有时过于相信自动纠正实际正确的决策。 谷歌效应（又名数字失忆症）：我们往往会忘记在搜索引擎中轻松查找的信息。 反应：我们的做法与别人告诉我们的相反，尤其是当我们意识到个人自由受到威胁时。 确认偏差：我们倾向于寻找并记住能够证实我们看法的信息。 适得其反效应：反驳证据有时会产生不必要的效果，从而证实我们的信念。 第三人称效应：我们相信其他人比我们自己更容易受到大众媒体消费的影响。 信念偏差：我们判断一个论点的强度，不是看它对结论的支持程度，而是看这个结论在我们心目中的合理程度。 可用性级联：与我们对社会接受的需求相关，集体信仰通过公开重复获得更多可信度。 衰落主义：我们倾向于将过去浪漫化，并对未来持消极态度，认为社会/机构总体上正在衰落。 现状偏见：我们倾向于希望事情保持不变；相对于基线的变化被视为损失。 沉没成本谬误（又名承诺升级）：即使我们面临负面结果，我们也会在那些让我们付出代价的事情上投入更多，而不是改变我们的投资。 赌徒谬误：我们认为未来的可能性受到过去事件的影响。 零风险偏差：我们更愿意将小风险降低到零，即使我们可以通过另一种选择整体降低更多风险。 框架效应：我们经常从相同的信息中得出不同的结论，具体取决于它的呈现方式。 刻板印象：我们普遍相信一个群体的成员将具有某些特征，尽管没有关于个人的信息。 外群体同质性偏见：我们认为外群体成员是同质的，而我们自己的内群体成员则更加多样化。 权威偏见：我们信任权威人物的观点，也更容易受到其影响。 安慰剂效应：如果我们相信某种治疗有效，它通常会产生很小的生理效应。 幸存者偏差：我们倾向于关注那些在过程中幸存下来的事情，而忽视那些失败的事情。 精神过速：我们对时间的感知取决于创伤、吸毒和体力消耗。 琐碎法则（又名“自行车脱落”）：我们对琐碎问题给予不成比例的重视，同时往往避免更复杂的问题。 蔡加尼克效应：我们对未完成的任务的记忆多于已完成的任务。 宜家效应：我们对自己部分创造的事物给予更高的价值。 本·富兰克林效应：我们喜欢帮忙；如果我们已经帮过某人一个忙，那么我们更有可能再帮别人一个忙，而不是接受_过_那个人的帮忙。 旁观者效应：周围的人越多，我们帮助受害者的可能性就越小。 暗示性：我们，尤其是孩子，有时会将提问者提出的想法误认为是记忆。 错误记忆：我们将想象误认为是真实记忆。 密码记忆症：我们将真实的记忆误认为是想象。 聚类错觉：我们在随机数据中发现模式和“聚类”。 悲观偏见：我们有时会高估不良结果的可能性。 乐观偏见：我们有时对好的结果过于乐观。 盲点偏见：我们不认为自己有偏见，而且我们更多地看到别人而不是我们自己。
50 种常见的认知偏差英文原版
Fundamental Attribution Error: We judge others on their personality or fundamental character, but we judge ourselves on the situation. Self-Serving Bias: Our failures are situational, but our successes are our responsibility. In-Group Favoritism: We favor people who are in our in-group as opposed to an out-group. **Bandwagon Effect: **Ideas, fads, and beliefs grow as more people adopt them. Groupthink: Due to a desire for conformity and harmony in the group, we make irrational decisions, often to minimize conflict. Halo Effect: If you see a person as having a positive trait, that positive impression will spill over into their other traits. (This also works for negative traits.) Moral Luck: Better moral standing happens due to a positive outcome; worse moral standing happens due to a negative outcome. False Consensus: We believe more people agree with us than is actually the case. Curse of Knowledge: Once we know something, we assume everyone else knows it, too. Spotlight Effect: We overestimate how much people are paying attention to our behavior and appearance. Availability Heuristic: We rely on immediate examples that come to mind while making judgments. Defensive Attribution: As a witness who secretly fears being vulnerable to a serious mishap, we will blame the victim less if we relate to the victim. Just-World Hypothesis: We tend to believe the world is just; therefore, we assume acts of injustice are deserved. Naïve Realism: We believe that we observe objective reality and that other people are irrational, uninformed, or biased. Naïve Cynicism: We believe that we observe objective reality and that other people have a higher egocentric bias than they actually do in their intentions/actions. Forer Effect (aka Barnum Effect): We easily attribute our personalities to vague statements, even if they can apply to a wide range of people. Dunning-Kruger Effect: The less you know, the more confident you are. The more you know, the less confident you are. Anchoring: We rely heavily on the first piece of information introduced when making decisions. Automation Bias: We rely on automated systems, sometimes trusting too much in the automated correction of actually correct decisions. **Google Effect (aka Digital Amnesia): **We tend to forget information that’s easily looked up in search engines. Reactance: We do the opposite of what we’re told, especially when we perceive threats to personal freedoms. Confirmation Bias: We tend to find and remember information that confirms our perceptions. Backfire Effect: Disproving evidence sometimes has the unwarranted effect of confirming our beliefs. Third-Person Effect: We believe that others are more affected by mass media consumption than we ourselves are. Belief Bias: We judge an argument’s strength not by how strongly it supports the conclusion but how plausible the conclusion is in our own minds. **Availability Cascade: **Tied to our need for social acceptance, collective beliefs gain more plausibility through public repetition. Declinism: We tent to romanticize the past and view the future negatively, believing that societies/institutions are by and large in decline. Status Quo Bias: We tend to prefer things to stay the same; changes from the baseline are considered to be a loss. Sunk Cost Fallacy (aka Escalation of Commitment): We invest more in things that have cost us something rather than altering our investments, even if we face negative outcomes. Gambler’s Fallacy: We think future possibilities are affected by past events. Zero-Risk Bias: We prefer to reduce small risks to zero, even if we can reduce more risk overall with another option. **Framing Effect: **We often draw different conclusions from the same information depending on how it’s presented. Stereotyping: We adopt generalized beliefs that members of a group will have certain characteristics, despite not having information about the individual. Outgroup Homogeneity Bias: We perceive out-group members as homogeneous and our own in-groups as more diverse. Authority Bias: We trust and are more often influenced by the opinions of authority figures. Placebo Effect: If we believe a treatment will work, it often will have a small physiological effect. Survivorship Bias: We tend to focus on those things that survived a process and overlook ones that failed. Tachypsychia: Our perceptions of time shift depending on trauma, drug use, and physical exertion. Law of Triviality (aka “Bike-Shedding”): We give disproportionate weight to trivial issues, often while avoiding more complex issues. Zeigarnik Effect: We remember incomplete tasks more than completed ones. IKEA Effect: We place higher value on things we partially created ourselves. Ben Franklin Effect: We like doing favors; we are more likely to do another favor for someone if we’ve already done a favor for them than if we had received a favor from that person. Bystander Effect: The more other people are around, the less likely we are to help a victim. Suggestibility: We, especially children, sometimes mistake ideas suggested by a questioner for memories. False Memory: We mistake imagination for real memories. Cryptomnesia: We mistake real memories for imagination. Clustering Illusion: We find patterns and “clusters” in random data. Pessimism Bias: We sometimes overestimate the likelihood of bad outcomes. Optimism Bias: We sometimes are over-optimistic about good outcomes. Blind Spot Bias: We don’t think we have bias, and we see it others more than ourselves.
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